Effects Of Cardiac Rehabilitation On The United States Essay

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality in the United States (Hall Lorenc, 2010). Evidence has shown that cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is beneficial for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (McLeod, Brooks, Taylor, Currie, Dewhurst, 2004; Zullo, Dolansky, Jackson, 2010). Cardiac rehabilitation is a versatile program that encroaches upon many disciplines in order to create an optimal medical therapy that seeks to educate patients through counseling to make behavioral changes that will improve their health status. The goal of CR is to reduce the risk of repeat cardiac events, improve cardiovascular health, and reduce all-cause mortality with the use of evidence-based guidelines (Lawler, Filion, Eisenberg, 2011; Lobelo, Stoutenberg, Hutber, 2014). Exercise therapy is a key factor to programming. Effective training protocol that elicits a high rate of compliance will produce positive outcomes. Although moderate intensity continuous training has be en the main training regimen recommended in cardiac rehabilitation guidelines, Ito, Mizoguchi, and Saeki (2016) found high-intensity interval training reported to be more effective in the clinical and experimental setting from the standpoint of peak oxygen uptake and central and peripheral adaptations in their review. This study is essential to the field of exercise science, particularly cardiac rehabilitation (CR), because it adds to the ever-evolving paradigm of program designShow MoreRelatedThe Movement of Cardiac Rehabilitation into Your Home Essay848 Words   |  4 Pagesleading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. It has been customary to offer individuals center-based rehabilitation programs after a cardiac event to assist and prevent further cardiac deterioration. However, home-based cardiac rehabilitation has been presented in an effort to increase access and participation. Purpose. To determine the efficacy of home-based cardiac rehabilitation (HBCR) compared with center-based cardiac rehabilitation (CBCR). Methods. A literature search wasRead MoreInformation And Identify Preliminary Issues Of Cardiac Rehabilitation Program1238 Words   |  5 PagesStep 1: Gather Information and Identify Preliminary Issues Cardiac rehabilitation is a program that aid patients to recover after a cardiac event. The program started in the 1960s after it was determined that the exercise and right diet has a significant effect on the heart after a cardiac event (Certo, 1985). Its sole purpose is help the patients to lower the risk factors of heart problems in the the future. The program is composed of various health workers -- such as physicians, clinical psychologistRead MoreThe Agent For Heart Failure1524 Words   |  7 PagesR. Ronquillo III Utica College â€Æ' Introduction According to Metra et al. (2011, p. 516), heart failure is one of the leading causes of illness and death in the cardiac disease spectrum; it renders the heart to become an inefficient pump; as a result, the patient’s develops low blood pressure, reduction in cardiac output and decreased perfusion of blood in vital organs. The culmination of these symptoms represents a very sick client who is unable to demonstrate meaningful improvementsRead Moreexecutive summary Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesyear 2020 worldwide (Heart, 2013). Notably heart disease is a significant health problem that not only costs lives but is a significant economic burden with costs related to doctors’ visits, medications, rehabilitation and additional contributors such as loss of work and patient rehabilitations. It is estimated at approximately 485 billion dollars annually can be associated to the treatment of heart related issues such as heart attack and CHF, early diagnosis is imperative (Heart,2013). The intentionRead MoreThe Death Of Heart Failure1069 Words   |  5 PagesBased on Goodman and Fuller (2015), it was estimated that the annual population in the United States with (CHF) congestive heart failure is about five hundred fifty thousand, and approximately five million male and female elderly individual (65 years old and above) is the leading cause of hospital admission. Moreover, heart failure has a significant twenty percent of an estimated death rate and fifteen percent survival rate of patients diagnosed with CHF (Bocchi, Vilas-Boas, Perrone, Caamaà ±oRead MoreCardiovascular Disease ( Cvd )1682 Words   |  7 PagesAdults with Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD), also known as heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. According to the Center for Disease Control, over 600,000 people in the United States die a year from CVD which accumulates to one in four deaths each year (CDC, 2014). Despite the significant number of deaths, progress has been made over the past 50 years to define, identify, and modify risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CDC, 2014). These risk factorsRead MoreCardiac Rehabilitation : A Multi Disciplinary And Multi Faceted Intervention1861 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION: Cardiac rehab is an individualized program consisting of education, exercise, nutrition and support. In recent years, cardiac rehabilitation has become a multi-disciplinary and multi-faceted intervention aimed at restoring well-being and impeding disease progression in patients with heart disease (Garza, Wason and Zhang, 2015). High-quality evidence has demonstrated that cardiac rehabilitation (CR) improves outcomes after cardiac surgery or myocardial infarction, improving adherenceRead MoreCoronary Artery Disease ( Cad )1468 Words   |  6 Pagesline the inner arteries, it restricts blood flow to the heart. When blood is can no longer long flow to the heart, it causes a heart attack. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in both women and men in the United States. The American Heart Association states that since 1990 deaths caused by the coronary artery disease have decreased, however, â€Å"more than 40,000 people still died from this disease in 2000† and ab out 13 million more have active symptoms of CAD (Milto, Olde, P.1). Read MoreKnowledge Skills Abilities1362 Words   |  6 PagesSPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE   I am highly experienced with product safety presentation, trial, evaluation, review and distribution in the healthcare industry. As a medical device and capital equipment sales manager, I successfully managed three states within the United States of over 50 hospitals. REVELANT SKILLS  AND ABILITIES CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY TESTER AND PERFORMANCE REVIEW BOARD MEMBER I have lead in-depth comprehensive intake assessments and evalutions that included presenting and reviewingRead MoreDifference in Competencies Between Adn vs Bsn Essay988 Words   |  4 Pagesis a â€Å"technical† nurse and BSN is a â€Å"professional† nurse. This difference is because ADN is trained mostly on clinical skills, while BSN training is focused on leadership, nursing research, management as well as clinical skills. Currently in United States Associated degree nurses usually receive this in 2 years on a community college settings. The Associate degree programs are designed to train students to provide entry level care in hospital settings. A large present of nurses take the associate

Who Is The American Dream - 1490 Words

Americans because they often think of The American Dream as a way or path to greater times. The American Dream gives hope for Americans because it gives them freedom, hope and it also encourages us to achieve goals that will make our life a lot easier in the future for future generations and ourselves. A real life situation of the American dream, for example is like other people from other countries coming to America to find jobs to support their families, build new ones or simply have a better life. So why does it seem like the image of the â€Å"American Dream† is dying out? The American Dream is simply being lost in this society because it has become a lot harder for people to obtain jobs that can financially support their families. What is the American Dream? This so called American Dream is an idea for people all over the world to believe that if they come to America they will have the opportunity to live a successful and free life. The opportunity to live a successful an d free life is the absolute most important thing in this world, women come to America from India, Indonesia, Pakistan or Bangladesh to be free from the religion that they are made to believe in or from the men that control their lives and make them wear hijabs to cover their heads. â€Å"The term â€Å"American Dream† is used in many ways, but it essentially is an idea that suggests that anyone in the US can succeed through hard work and has the potential to lead a happy, successful life.† This clearly statesShow MoreRelatedWho Is The American Dream?1650 Words   |  7 Pageslife to be the American dream. I must have inherited that dream for my mother; she came to the United States from Mexico when she was merely 15 years old. She came to pursue the same dream; she wanted to have the opportunity to achieve wealth and success. Growing up in a traditional Hispanic household is something I will always cherish, but a characteristic of Hispanic culture is the mindset that women were made to be housewives and mothers. This trait blended in with my American dream, I thought asRead MoreWho Is The American Dream? Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans because they often think of The American Dream as a way or path to greater times. The American Dream gives hope for Americans because it gives them freedom, hope and it also encourages us to achieve goals that will make our life a lot easier in the future for future generations and ourselves. A real life situation of the American dream, for example is like other people from other countries coming to America to find jobs to support their families, build new ones or simply have a better lifeRead MoreWho Is The American Dream?1326 Words   |  6 Pagesachieve success and certainly no way to achieve the American Dream. Critical to ensuring any chance of achieving the â€Å"American Dream† in this day and age is to obtain a college education. Although it is possible to attain without attending college, it is extremely unlikely. For those with an education, the dream still at least has a pulse. For the majority of people who either do not think they need an education or cannot afford one, the dream probably lost. Adults are often saying â€Å"when I was aRead MoreWho Stole The American Dream?1108 Words   |  5 PagesAre we chasing after a dream that no longer exist? While reading Who Stole the American Dream? by Hedrick Smith and The Next America by Paul Taylor, I started to ponder this concept of the American Dream. The American Dream has been central to America s identity for centuries now, it is a concept in which people have the freedom of opportunity for prosperity and success, and through hard work the ability to move up in social class. In Smith s book he argues that due to the co nsolidation of wealthRead MoreThe American Dream : Who Are You?1396 Words   |  6 PagesWho are you? This is a question many people struggle with, as Identity is key in today’s society. Knowing who you are, what you identify as, or your ancestral lineage speaks volumes about how an individual will be treated due to public perception. For example, America is a growing world power that has strong social, economic and political influence on the world stage. It is this status symbol that many Americans identify with, irrespective of race, gender or sexual orientation. Identifying as AmericanRead MoreWho Stole The American Dream?756 Words   |  4 PagesMy Critique In Who Stole the American Dream? Hedrick Smith paints a clear and accessible but grim portrait of how economics, politics, power, and democracy have vastly changed in the United States. I agree with Smith that wealth and power inequality are extremely harmful. That a few individuals have prospered at the expense of the many is extremely unethical and unjust. I appreciate his critique of the current system, and historical perspective regarding how democracy has been systematically andRead MoreWho Has Access to the American Dream1152 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Essay: Who has access to the American Dream The American Dream originated in the early days of the American settlement, with mostly poor immigrants searching for opportunities. It was first manifested in the Declaration of Independence, which describes an attitude of hope. The Declaration of Independence states: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, LibertyRead MoreEdward Franklin Albee IIi : The American Dream, And The Goat, Or Who Is Sylvia?1313 Words   |  6 PagesENG3U0 Research Essay Edward Franklin Albee III is an American playwright mostly known for his works such as Who s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, The Zoo Story, The American Dream, and The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? Albee is perceived to be a leader in the creation of the American absurdist drama theatrical movement. Specifically, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Opened on Broadway the same month the world was facing heated nuclear tensions between Soviet and U.S. powers during the Cuban Missile CrisisRead MoreAn avowed nationalist, who had impact on the American dream, Theodore Roosevelt brought presidency1200 Words   |  5 Pages An avowed nationalist, who had impact on the American dream, Theodore Roosevelt brought presidency and nation into the twentieth century. (Theodore) Theodore Roosevelt was the twenty sixth president of the United States, a president that had great impact in politics. He was born into a rich family, and he suffered from asthma during his childhood (United States. National Pa rk service). He studied at Harvard University, and the Columbia law school (United States. National Park service 2). He attendedRead MoreThe American Dream By James Truslow1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe American dream is a term often used as motivation for people who are seeking a better life outside of their torrid country. According to James Truslow, who coined the term American Dream, the definition is, â€Å"a dream of a social order in which each man and woman shall be able to attain to their fullest stature of which they are innately capable.† (68) The American Dream is sought out by many, but they are often denied the privilege of prevailing in a predominantly successful society run by the

Pre-Transfusion Blood Tests Free Essays

Pre-transfusion Blood Tests: Title: To perform the following tests: ABO and RH grouping using the Diamed Gel Card system. Rh and Kell phenotyping (antigen typing) using the Diamed Gel Card system. Direct Coombs Test (DCT) using the conventional tube system. We will write a custom essay sample on Pre-Transfusion Blood Tests or any similar topic only for you Order Now Direct Coombs Test (DCT) using the Diamed Gel Card system. Antibody Identifications (IAT) technique using the conventional tube system. Antibody Identifications (ETC) technique using the Diamed Gel Card system. Name: S. Ward Date: 8/11/2012 Introduction: The objective of this practical is to perform some pretransfusion tests, using various methods. Pretransfusion testing is carried out in all hospital blood bank laboratories and is used to minimise the risk of encurring a haemolytic transfusion reaction. Haemolytic transfusion reactions occur when a patient is transfused with red cells which have a foriegn antigen on the cell surface that the patient has an antibody to. While the ABO and Rh blood group systems are the most antigenic and thus can cause severe haemolytic transfusion reactions. The other blood group systems can also cause a (less severe) haemolytic reaction, these reactions can be fatal and so the procedures to avoid them are of great importance. Materials Method: Not all tests were performed by all members of the class. ABO and Rh blood grouping using the Diamed Gel Card system; performed. Rh and Kell trying using the Diamed Gel Card system; not performed. Direct Coombs Test (DCT) using the Diamed Gel Card system;not performed. Antibody Identification (ETC) technique using the Diamed Gel Card system; performed but not centrifuged so no results were obtained. Antibody Identifications (IAT) technique using the conventional tube system; performed Direct Coombs Test (DCT) using the conventional tube system; erformed. Cell 1% suspensions were prepared for the bench from a 3% cell suspension provided. Results: As well as some tests not being completed by everyone, some results were not obtained as there was a queue for the ID centrifuge. Results below are ones obtained by myself; ABO Rh grouping; Known O+ cells were tested. Expected results would be; However, the gel matrix had dried out so no results were obtained. Antibody Ide ntifications (IAT) technique using the conventional tube system; + + + – – + – – + + When these results are compared with the ID panned profile, its is seen that there is no antigen which matches the antibody in the patient’s plasma. Traditional Direct Coombs test results was positive. Discussion: The results from this practical were not as expected. With regard to the ABO Rh typing, the expected result for the O+ blood tested is as shown above. The reason why the results obtained were incorrect were because the gel had dried out. This shows that it is very important to ensure that the reagents used in the transfusion laboratory are of a really high quality to ensure that all results obtained are reliable. With regard to the traditional antibody profile, it is seen that there is no antigen which matches the antibody in the patient’s plasma according to the ID panel. It is possible that the patient has an uncommon antigen which isn’t on the ID panel. However, it’s more likely that there was human error in labelling the reaction tubes 1-10. The direct coombs test checks to see in vivo sensitisation to IgG antibodies. The traditional coombs test results for this practical showed aggultenation when treated with antihuman globulin, which is a positive result. Results for the other laboratory tests using Diamed Gel Card system were unobtained due to there being a queue for the centrifuge. A brief explanation of all these tests is explained below; ABO Rh D grouping; this can be done by conventional tube technique, as performed previously, or can be done using the Diamed Gel Card system. These gel cards contain known antobodies on a gel matrix. A positive result shows the red cells kept at the top of the gel matrix, a negative result sees the red cells going down through the matrix to the bottom of the card. This has replaced the traditional method as it allows for automation. Rh Kell phenotyping; this is done using the Diamed Gel Card sytem and is similiar to the ABO and Rh typing method. This shows which, if any of the main Rh or Kell antigens are on the patients red cells. The results are read in the same manner as the ABO and Rh D as described above. Direct Coombs Test using the conventional tube system; The direct antiglobulin test is used to detect in-vivo sensitisation and detects small IgG antibodies on a patient’s red cells. The conventional tube method involves washing the cells three times for one minute, resuspending each time, then finally adding two drops of antihuman globulin and centrifuge once more for 20 seconds and results were recorded. This process is laborious and so can be replaced with the next method. Direct Coombs Test using the Diamed Gel Card system; The gel card system involves the addition of 1% cell suspension of test cells to the Anti IgG card, this is centrifuged for 10 minutes and results are recorded. This method also shows in-vivo sensitisation and detects small IgG antibodies on the patient’s red cells. Antibody Identifications (IAT) technique using the conventional tube system; Antibody identification is used as a follow-up test to a positive indirect antiglobulin test. The antibody identifcation test is used to determine the red cell antibodies in the patient’s plasma. If one or more clinically significant red cell antibodies are identified, then donor blood that lacks the corresponding red cell antigens must be used for tranfusion, this is reffered to as antigen negative blood. The conventional tube system involves reacting the patients plasma with the 10 commercial identification cells. This is incubated for 30 minutes at 37Â °c, each of the reaction tubes are washed 3 times for one minute, resuspended after each time and then two drops of antihuman globulin are added and the tubes are centrifuged for an additional 20 seconds and results are recorded. This process is laborious, and so can be replaced by the gel card system which can be automated. Antibody Identifications technique using the Diamed Gel Card system; The method is the similiar to the other gel card systems and the principle it the same as the other antibody identification. As mentioned bofore, this process allows for automation and so is favoured in large labs. Questions: Principle of the Direct and Indirect Coombs test: The principle of the Coombs’ test is that addition of rabbit anti-human IgG to the patient’s blood will result in aggregation of the patient’s red cells if the red cells are coated in small IgG antibodies that will not agglutenate normally at room temperature. So, the direct antiglobulin test is used to detect in-vivo sensitisation to IgG antibodies. Applications: The direct coombs test is udes to test for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. The indirect coombs test can be used to detect very small amounts of antibodies present in a patients plasma and if used in antenatal care to screen pregnant women for antibodies that may cause haemolytic disease of the newborn. It can also be used for compatability testing, antibody identification, RBC phenotyping and titration studies. Controls: The positive control is sensitised O+ cells and the negative control is O- cells. How to cite Pre-Transfusion Blood Tests, Essay examples

Irac of Negligence free essay sample

Introduction: In Rebecca ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant case, the main issue is whether negligence exists of the defendant? There are three prerequisites must be present before the tort of negligence can arise: a duty of care must be owed by one person to another; there must be a breach of that duty of care; and damage must have been suffered as a result of the breach of duty. (FoBL, 2005, p70) In addition, another element must be satisfied to prove negligence is the causation. This essay will analysis Rebecca v. ‘Zorba’s’ with these four issues. IRAC Process No. 1Does ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant own a duty of care to Rebecca Disasteropoulos? There are two common factors that must exist before the law says a duty of care exists, which are foreseeability and proximity. Firstly, in discussing the incidence of a duty of care, a historical case that defines the ‘neighbour principle’ must be taken into account – the case of Donoghue v. We will write a custom essay sample on Irac of Negligence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stevenson[1]. The decision of this case developed a principle which has become known as the ‘neighbor principle’ by Lord Atkin that the neighbor means the closely and directly person by another’s act. FoBL, 2005, p68) Secondly, it must be foreseeable that the omission of the defendant could cause harm to the plaintiff. An objective test is used through the question, whether a reasonable person would foresee the damage occurring from the defendant. According to the case of Hay or Bourhill v. Young[2], it is not necessary to foresee the actual damage that will occur. It is enough if it can be shown that some types of damage could arise as a result of the defendant’s conduct. (FoBL, 2005, p68) In addition, proximity that requires care to be taken must exist.Proximity involves the notion of nearness or closeness and embrace physical proximity between the person or property of the plaintiff and the person and property of the defendant†¦causal proximity in the sense of closeness or directness of the relationship between the particular act or cause and the injury sustained† (Deana J. Jaensch v. Coffey)[3]. According to the case of Donoghue v. Stevenson[4], even there is no contractual relationship between these two parties, a duty of care still exists.Thus it can be seen that the duty of care will be owed because the action of the restaurant that they did not remove all the liquid from the floor has already affected the harm to their customers, and the relationship between Rebecca and the restaurant is the suppliers of services and customers. ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant will be liable to compensate Rebecca if the duty of care is breached. IRAC Process No. 2 Is the duty of care breached by the defendant, ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant? The second element required to prove negligence is that a duty of care has been breached.There are four factors must be taken in to account to determine whether there has been a breach, which are likelihood of injury, gravity of injury, if injury did occur, amount of effort required to remove the risk of injury and social utility of the defendant’s conduct. (Fo BL, 2005, p75) In the first place, the likelihood of injury is the degree of the risk of damage. According to the case of Bolton v. Stone[5], it was a slight possibility of harm, so the court held that the defendant was not liable for damages. This decision was explained by Lord Red of the Privy Council. FoBL, 2005, p75) However, some cases may not be ignored, like the case of Rebecca v. ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant. Secondly, the gravity of injury must be relevant. ‘If the activity in which the plaintiff is engaged is particularly dangerous, this requires warning. ’ (FoBL, 2005, p75) According to the case of Waverley Municipal Council v. Swain[6], the defendant failed to warn the plaintiff that his activity has an occurred risk, which led the plaintiff to become a quadriplegic. And the court decided that was a negligent.In addition, the third element is the amount of effort that would be required to eliminate the risk. ‘If it is relatively easy to remove the risk and would cause little expense and inconvenience, then this may be required a breach of a duty of care. ’ (FoBL, 2005, p76), the case of Woods v. Multi-Sport Holdings Pty Ltd[7] could prove this element. The last factor is the social utility of the defendant’s conduct, which means the benefit of conduct must be assessed against the gravity of the risk of injury; the case of Watt v. Herfordshire[8] case set an example to this factor.In this case, there is no relevance to this factor. As a result, the supplier of ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant did not conduct the sufficient action to remove the potential risk to the customers, and the restaurant did not put any warning like notice board to admonish their customer, it is most likely that the restaurant had been breached of the duty of care. IRAC Process No. 3 Does the defendant’s breach of duty cause the loss sustained by the plaintiff? The third element that must be satisfied to prove negligence is the causation of the damage.To determine the issue of causation, the law has created a test called ‘but for’ by Lord Denning in the case of Cork v. Kirby Maclean Ltd[9], ‘If you can say that the damage would not have happened but for a particular fault, then that fault is in fact a cause of the damage; but if you can say that the damage would have happened just the same, fault or no fault, then the fault is no a cause of the damage. ’ (FoBL, 2005, p78) In this case, the injury of Rebecca was caused by the lack of care of the restaurant.The waiter did not remove all the liquid off from the dance floor, this action lead to Rebecca’s damage. So the negligence of the defendant is the causation for the breach of duty of care. IRAC Process No. 4 Is there any defenses can be rise? There are two defences to an action in negligence: contributory negligence and voluntary assumption of risk. (FoBL, 2005, p83) This case only involves contributory negligence. According to section 26 of the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic. ), the result of a successful plea of contributory negligence will be an apportionment of damages.So, if a defendant is a negligent without any contributory negligence by the plaintiff, the plaintiff will receive 100 per cent of the damage, but if the plaintiff is held to be contributory negligent to the extent of 40 per cent, then the plaintiff will only receive 60 per cent of the damage. (FoBL, 2005, p84) For instance, the case of Liftronic Pty Ltd v. Unver[10], the defendant (Liftronic Pty Ltd) was found liable in negligence but Unver’s damages were reduced by 60 per cent due to his contributory negligence. In this case, Rebecca had seen the waiter wiping the floor, and assumed that all of the moisture had been cleared away.Then she did not ask the waiter about the damp floor, continue to dance vigorously. Therefore, the defendant could apportion part of damages by contributory negligence. Conclusion: To sum up, based on the law of negligence, the issues and precedents, Rebecca could win this case by legal process. Because the defendant ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant owns a duty of care to Rebecca, the restaurant has breached that duty of care; and Rebecca suffered damages as a result of ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant’s breach of her duty of care. However, the plaintiff – Rebecca Disasteropoulos also held partly to blame her negligence.

Imperialism or National Protection Is it Part of the Definition of the United States of America

In the definition of the United States of America, imperialism and national protection resemble intertwined terms. This essay examines the 1991 Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf made by the U.S. president George W. Bush during the first Iraq war.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Imperialism or National Protection: Is it Part of the Definition of the United States of America? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This speech exemplifies the definition of the United States, specifically, how the United States sees itself, how it views other countries, how it views itself as a member nation of the world and what role its foreign policy plays in various conflicts beyond its borders. In the Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf, George W. Bush reveals the truth underpinning the foreign policy of the United States: the United States protects its own interests, namely, resources such as oil, under the auspices of the democratic political system, and this protectionism extends to the four corners of the earth. Foreign policy is national security; the terms are interchangeable. The foreign policy of the United States – in the eyes of the United States government – is global in nature. Where the United States is concerned, the right of independent nations to govern themselves as they see fit remains a conditional item, conditional upon compliance to the unspoken rule that the interests of the United States take precedence over those of all the other countries in the world. This definition of imperialism and national protection in the core values of the United States has not changed since Bush’s leadership; in fact echoes of many of the policies outlined in this speech persist in the foreign policy of current President Barack Obama. In 1991 George W. Bush addressed the people of the United States from the Ov al Office. The purpose of the Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf was threefold: one, to announce the commencement of military actions against Iraq following the invasion of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein’s forces; two, to justify the military action as a last resort; and three, to position the military action as a consensus of the United Nations, as opposed to an unsanctioned aggressive move by the United States. In this speech, Bush presents the case for the first Iraq war as having been decided via consensus with other nations, and only after the exhaustion of all other avenues: This military action, taken in accord with United Nations resolutions and with the consent of the United States Congress, follows months of constant and virtually endless diplomatic activity on the part of the United Nations, the United States, and many, many other countries. Arab leaders sought what became known as an Arab solution, only to conclude that Saddam Hu ssein was unwilling to leave Kuwait†¦.Our Secretary of State, James Baker, held a historic meeting in Geneva, only to be totally rebuffed (Bush 290).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bush also carefully asserts that â€Å"our goal is not the conquest of Iraq. It is the liberation of Kuwait† (Bush 292). He reminds the American public that â€Å"this will not be another Vietnam† (Bush 292). Bush uses language to paint a vivid narrative; he labels Saddam Hussein as â€Å"the dictator of Iraq† (Bush 290). Bush calls Kuwait Saddam Hussein’s â€Å"small and helpless neighbor†¦ crushed; its people, brutalized† (Bush 290). Bush elucidates that Saddam’s actions forced the hand of the world. â€Å"The world could wait no longer. Sanctions, though having some effect, showed no signs of accomplishing their objective†¦While the world waited, S addam Hussein systematically raped, pillaged and plundered a tiny nation, no threat to his own† (Bush 291). Bush also paints the United States as an equal member in this large team of concerned international interests, when he highlights that â€Å"twenty-eight nations – countries from five continents Europe and Asia, Africa, and the Arab League – have forces in the Gulf standing shoulder to shoulder against Saddam Hussein† (Bush 292). The Bush speech also contains a savvy treatment of the issue of American interests. In order to address the issue of oil, widely understood to be the main reason why the United States first became involved in the Iraq-Kuwait conflict, Bush employs a highly credible source as his mouthpiece – the soldiers themselves: Listen to Hollywood Huddleston, marine lance corporal. He says, let’s free these people, so we can go home and be free again†¦Listen to one of our great officers out there, Marine Lieutenant Ge neral Walter Boomer. He said, there are things worth fighting for. A world in which brutality and lawlessness are allowed to go unchecked isn’t the kind of world we’re going to want to live in. Listen to Master Sergeant J.P. Kendall of the 82nd Airborne: We’re here for more than the price of a gallon of gas. What we’re doing is going to chart the future of the world for the next 100 years (Bush 292). Twenty years later, the definition of the United States appears to consistently blur the lines between imperialism and national protection in the realm of foreign policy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Imperialism or National Protection: Is it Part of the Definition of the United States of America? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More President Barack Obama’s administration maintains a similar modus operandi to that of the first Bush administration, â€Å"threatening, several times, to attack Iran if they don’t do what the United States wants them to do nuclear-wise; threatening more than once to attack Pakistan if its anti-terrorist policies are not tough enough or if there would be a regime change in the nuclear-armed country not to his liking; [and] calling for a large increase in US troops and tougher policies for Afghanistan† (Blum 26). The ongoing conflict in the Middle East, initiated in the Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf, lingers largely because of the problematic definition of the United States, this pervasive belief that the foreign policy of the world needs to be set solely by interests that serve and protect the United States. In his article Obama and the Empire, William Blum points to the apparently blunt refusal on the United States to leave Iraq as an example of this phenomenon: â€Å"George W. Bush, 2006: We’re going to stay in Iraq to get the job done as long as the government wa nts us there. George W. Bush, 2007: It’s their government’s choice. If they were to say, leave, we would leave. Iraqi National Security Adviser Mowaffak al-Rubaie, 2008 said his government was impatiently waiting for the complete withdrawal of U.S. troops. Barack Obama, [in] 2008 [said] we can redeploy combat brigades from Iraq at a pace of 1 to 2 brigades a month that would remove them in 16 months† (Blum 27). The definition of the United States combines imperialism and national protection; the two terms essentially complement each other, and function as synergistic items, both in thought and action. The United States protects its own interests worldwide, as opposed to within its own borders; in fact, its borders are the world. Foreign policy is national security, and vice versa. The right of free nations to govern themselves therefore remains provisional, pending the approval of the United States. Works Cited Blum, William. â€Å"Obama and the Empire.† A MASS 13.3 (2008): 26-28. Web. Bush, George. â€Å"Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf.† America Through the Eyes of Its People, Vol. 2. 3rd ed. Boston: Pearson Longman, 2006. 290-293. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Imperialism or National Protection: Is it Part of the Definition of the United States of America? was written and submitted by user Marco U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on U.S. Grant

The Rise of â€Å"Unconditional Surrender† Grant He sat opposite the impeccably dressed Lee, in plain clothes and muddy boots. His overall appearance did little to suggest that he was the highest ranking general in the union army. How such an unlikely hero attained this position then managed to outmaneuver the most talented general of both armies, is a question worthy of investigation. Ulysses Simpson Grant’s rise through the ranks of the union army was nothing short of remarkable. The following pages will reveal how Grant achieved that ascent, as well as providing a glimpse into Grant’s character, and war philosophy. The onset of the war found Grant working as a clerk in his father’s leather shop. Some viewed him as a failure, although it is apparent that Grant never saw himself in that light. A West Point graduate and Mexican War veteran, he entered the union volunteers a colonel. By a political fluke he was promoted to brigadier general, of which his father gave him some practical advice, â€Å"Be careful, Ulysses, you’re a general now: it’s a good job, don’t lose it†(Foote, Vol 1 196). Grant gained notoriety in the western theatre, where most of the fighting was waged for control of arteries of commerce, such as rivers and railroads. His first action would be at Belmont on the Mississippi River. Instead of a demonstration, as was suggested to him, he made an all out assault. They routed the enemy, then were surrounded by the enemy, then cut their way back out through the enemy. It was an indecisive battle but it decisively defined Grant as a soldier. He was calm under fire, poised, confident, and aggressive (Grant, Encarta). Ever eager to go on the offensive, Grant finally convinced his superior officer, Halleck, to permit him to attack Fort Henry, then Fort Donelson. The result was two impressive victories. The victory at Fort Donelson lifted Grant onto the national stage. An old friend of Grant’s... Free Essays on U.S. Grant Free Essays on U.S. Grant The Rise of â€Å"Unconditional Surrender† Grant He sat opposite the impeccably dressed Lee, in plain clothes and muddy boots. His overall appearance did little to suggest that he was the highest ranking general in the union army. How such an unlikely hero attained this position then managed to outmaneuver the most talented general of both armies, is a question worthy of investigation. Ulysses Simpson Grant’s rise through the ranks of the union army was nothing short of remarkable. The following pages will reveal how Grant achieved that ascent, as well as providing a glimpse into Grant’s character, and war philosophy. The onset of the war found Grant working as a clerk in his father’s leather shop. Some viewed him as a failure, although it is apparent that Grant never saw himself in that light. A West Point graduate and Mexican War veteran, he entered the union volunteers a colonel. By a political fluke he was promoted to brigadier general, of which his father gave him some practical advice, â€Å"Be careful, Ulysses, you’re a general now: it’s a good job, don’t lose it†(Foote, Vol 1 196). Grant gained notoriety in the western theatre, where most of the fighting was waged for control of arteries of commerce, such as rivers and railroads. His first action would be at Belmont on the Mississippi River. Instead of a demonstration, as was suggested to him, he made an all out assault. They routed the enemy, then were surrounded by the enemy, then cut their way back out through the enemy. It was an indecisive battle but it decisively defined Grant as a soldier. He was calm under fire, poised, confident, and aggressive (Grant, Encarta). Ever eager to go on the offensive, Grant finally convinced his superior officer, Halleck, to permit him to attack Fort Henry, then Fort Donelson. The result was two impressive victories. The victory at Fort Donelson lifted Grant onto the national stage. An old friend of Grant’s...

Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Hinduism - Essay Example The paper will discuss the religious beliefs that are practiced by Hindus as well as their dialogue. Beliefs and dialogue One of the fundamental beliefs among the Hindu community that distinguishes it from other religion is its definition of the â€Å"meaning or purpose of life† (Oppenheimer, p. 1). While other religions’ primary objective focuses on allegiance to a supernatural power, Hinduism’s definition the purpose of life balances allegiance to the supreme authority and the need to fulfill bodily desires. Depending on a person’s level in life, the religion defines different goals to be pursued at every stage. The purposes of life at respective stages as defined under the religion include the need to achieve an individual’s purpose. As a result, the Hindus believe that every individual exists for a particular purpose and that purpose should be fulfilled in the person’s present life, before death. The religion also believes that every indi vidual has a defined level of personal success that should be pursued and achieved. Similarly, every Hindu is entitled to fulfill personal desires that include â€Å"enjoyment, sexual and other desires† (Oppenheimer, p. 1). The religion’s definition of life further provides for personal intellect among its believers. These beliefs distinguish Hinduism religion from other religions that puts emphasis on the supreme power rather than on the believers.

Developing an Interactive Secure Website Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Developing an Interactive Secure Website - Essay Example Since most internet users engage in social networking in one form or another, the target group involved is quite expansive. The goal is to make use of the most popular form of telecommunication on an interpersonal level, which is the sharing of photos via uploading them, tagging and initiating chats with friends. The costs of establishing the information system will also be much lower than expected. This report outlines how the telecommunication grid may be used to supply the community with important information, as well as play an integral part in its constitution. Contents Introduction 3 Aim 4 Objectives 5 Rationale 5 Research 7 Methodology 9 Requirements specification and analysis 10 Design 10 Implementation 11 Integration 12 Testing 13 Installation 13 Maintenance 13 Project Management & Employability 14 Results 15 Database Connection 16 Changeover Technique 18 Conclusion 19 Limitations 19 Recommendations 19 Conclusion 20 List of Tables Table 1: Development mechanisms 12 Table 2: Identified Skills 14 Table 3: User Acceptance Testing 21 Table 4: Individual Evaluation 22 List of Figures Figure 1: The Waterfall Methodology 9 Introduction Information technology is the essence of the computers applied on an ongoing basis in the daily lives of the human race, sighs (Dawson 200). The importance of information technology has been greatly investigated and it has revealed significant citations that have been experienced with the use of information systems. The ability to create, store, manipulate and distribute data portrays the interaction of information systems, human beings and work. The existence of information systems since 1960 has proven worth with its impact on various aspects of life namely social, economic, education and health amongst others. The inception of the internet shall go down in history as one of the greatest inventions of the 21st century. The internet is today’s most used, effective and efficient technological mode of communication allowing the transfer of data in textual, graphical and more complex form. Structures that enable the communication include websites, blogs, email, and webpages amon g others. These structures aid in meeting the main purpose of inventing the internet: communication. The structures operate as with any other communication mode, where there is the source and the terminal. The source in the case of the structures is a database where the data is stored whereas the terminal is the user who calls for the data via a search or a directed approach. These elements constitute a subject referred to as an information system (Gerardo 49). An information system is an incorporation of information technology together with human activities such as management, decision-making, transaction processing, and distribution of information. An information system provides interaction between humans and technology in various sectors such as health, education, economy, socialization, agriculture and so many more. In the social setting, the information systems are used to convey data of a social nature from one point to another, between users making use of a certain informatio n system such as a website (Hutchinson 421). Websites are vessels through which content can be contained, with help of a website server, which hosts the data for retrieval. The webserver is then connected to a network, which might be localized or globalized via the Local Area Network (LAN) and the World Wide Web (WWW) respectively. Once the data has been stored in a server that is connected to a network, it can then be accessed by referring to the data via the use of an address, which in my case is http://arabic-advertisments.com/try/index.php. Websites are generalized as either interactive or static. The interactive websites are structured such that they

The Right To Fashion Among Individuals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Right To Fashion Among Individuals - Essay Example The philosophy of fashion speaks about how style is different from fashion wearing clothes means helping to give one’s body a sense of appearance that helps to define ourselves. Most people can understand what kind of a person one is just by the clothes he or she wears. Having an eye for detail or for fashionable clothing helps to up a person’s level of appearance in the eyes of both her/himself and in the eyes of other people around him. Not being able to reveal fashion through personal senses, or not being able to dress oneself in the kind of clothing one wants to is equivalent to the same feeling of having one’s body chained and not being able to do anything about it. Fashion is like freedom and liberation from the monotonous lives that most people live in the world today. It helps to bring about change and color in a person’s outlook towards life. It helps a person to feel light and also helps to alter his or her mood. This was fashion – dressin g oneself as one wanted to and trying to bring about a sort of look and appearance in the clothing of a person. This same activity and process were carried out in different parts o the world with respect to different kinds of clothing that were born from the creativity and uniqueness that different people had. Today, they are known as designers; however, in those days, they were known as the harbingers of freedom and creativity. Fashion is restricted now though, in many parts of the world and women are not given their due right to dress as they please.

India Tradition Of Joint Family System Sociology Essay

India Tradition Of Joint Family System Sociology Essay Indians are known for family-oriented culture. The family values play a very important role in their social life. A very important responsibility of family is the transmission of beliefs, traditions and core values. India has a strong tradition of joint family system, in which members of multiple patrilineal related generations stay together and may or may not linked with possession of joint family property (Ghosh Basu, 2008). Married women usually live with their husbands families, with retaining bonds with their natal families. They live under same roof, working, worshiping, eating, and cooperating together in social and economic activities. Under this structure, there are clear lines of hierarchy and authority. And great respects should be shown to the members who are at higher position in the hierarchy. In general, elders rank above juniors, and among people of similar age; males outrank females. And traditionally, the oldest male member, which is usually the grandfather in the family, is the head in this family unit. And he has the authority over the whole family, especially in terms of big decision making and discipline creation. However, in some cases, grandmother also has certain authority over the younger females in the family (Essay on the concept of joint family system in India, n.d.). With the economy development and urbanization, traditional large families face difficulties to adapt to modern rapid and flexible life style. More and more traditional joint families have split into nuclear families, in which a couple live with their unmarried children, as a reaction to a variety of conditions, including the requirement for some members to move from village to city, or from one city to another to obtain the advantage of employment opportunities. And this trend has been increasing under the impact of westernization and secularization. However, the relative ties are still strongly connected to each other within kinships and loyalty to family is still a deeply imbibed principle from family members. When facing with crucial decision and emergencies, seeking family agreement and support are still their first consideration. Numerous prominent Indian families, such as the Tatas, Birlas, and Sarabhais, retain joint family arrangements even today and they work together to control some of the country`s largest financial empires (Indian family structure, indian society, n.d.). Indian Family Structure Indian families Some family types bear special mention because of their unique qualities. In the sub-Himalayan region of Uttar Pradesh, polygyny is commonly practiced. There, among Hindus, a simple polygynous family is composed of a man, his two wives, and their unmarried children. Various other family types occur there, including the supplemented subpolygynous householda woman whose husband lives elsewhere (perhaps with his other wife), her children, plus other adult relatives. Polygyny is also practiced in other parts of India by a tiny minority of the population, especially in families in which the first wife has not been able to bear children.Among the Buddhist people of the mountainous Ladakh District of Jammu and Kashmir, who have cultural ties to Tibet, fraternal polyandry is practiced, and a household may include a set of brothers with their common wife or wives. This family type, in which brothers also share land, is almost certainly linked to the extreme scarcity of cultivable land in the Himalayan region, because it discourages fragmentation of holdings. The peoples of the northeastern hill areas are known for their matriliny, tracing descent and inheritance in the female line rather than the male line. One of the largest of these groups, the Khasisan ethnic or tribal people in the state of Meghalayaare divided into matrilineal clans; the youngest daughter receives almost all of the inheritance including the house. A Khasi husband goes to live in his wifes house. Khasis, many of whom have become Christian, have the highest literacy rate in India, and Khasi women maintain notable authority in the family and community. Perhaps the best known of Indias unusual family types is the traditional Nayar taravad , or great house. The Nayars are a cluster of castes in Kerala. High-ranking and prosperous, the Nayars maintained matrilineal households in which sisters and brothers and their children were the permanent residents. After an official pre-puberty marriage, each woman received a series of visiting husbands in her room in the taravad at night. Her children were all legitimate members of the taravad . Property, matrilineally inherited, was managed by the eldest brother of the senior woman. This system, the focus of much anthropological interest, has been disintegrating in the twentieth century, and in the 1990s probably fewer than 5 percent of the Nayars live in matrilineal taravads . Like the Khasis, Nayar women are known for being well-educated and powerful within the family. Malabar rite Christians, an ancient community in Kerala, adopted many practices of their powerful Nayar neighbors, including naming their sons for matrilineal forebears. Their kinship system, however, is patrilineal. Kerala Christians have a very high literacy rate, as do most Indian Christian groups. end (need to simplify into 5 sentences) Family-building strategies in urban India: converging demographic trends in two culturally distinct communities Contemporary South Asia Vol. 17, No. 2, June 2009, 141-158 Since the early 1950s, Indias population is characterized by a persistent trend of a masculine sex ratio4. In recent census enumerations, this trend has been especially noticeable in sex ratios at birth and in the child population (0-6 years old). Several studies on inter-regional variation in the overall sex ratio and child sex ratio report stronger masculine sex ratios in the northIndian states of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh than in the southIndian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu 5. The widely discussed divide between north and south also relates to gender relations, status of women, and the kinship systems. Traditionally, the south Indian kinship system has been described as bilateral, with women having some rights ofinheritance and flexibility of residence after marriage. This is in stark contrast to the patrilineal, patrilocal, and exogamous kinship system in the north (Dyson and Moore 1983; Kishor 1993). Some studies suggest that desire for a small family size in India is associated with a decline in preference for sons and in balancing of the sex ratio among children in the family (Bhat and Zavier 2003; Saluja 2005). A recent analysis of the National Family Health Survey II data suggests that a majority of married couples in Kerala and Punjab want a sex-balanced family and that a decline in the desired family size is associated with a weakened preference for sons in India. end The nuclear family The extended family Dynamics of the family Parental roles For Indian women, giving birth to a child is a socio-religious obligation, adding accomplishment and fulfillment to their social roles. And after 30 years old is considered old to give birth to the first child. Besides of breast-feeding their children, traditionally, the mothers usually put great effort on taking care of the food and eating aspect of their children. With female literacy growing to 54% in the 2001 census, more and more women are taking part in work force (need reference). Marriage and courtship http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles/tips-for-the-visitor.asp It is amazing to see how often well-educated, independent professionals have to consult their parents before accepting a job offer or traveling abroad. At the core of Indian culture lies an innate respect for parents and other elders in the family, and usually no major decision is taken without consulting them. Parents often live with their married children, typically with a son. There is really no concept of a grown-up son or daughter moving out of the house unless it is the result of circumstances like a job in a different city. The arranged marriage is another practice that illustrates the importance Indians place on the family. A majority of marriages in India are arranged by families and several people are involved in the decision-making process. As popular belief goes, a marriage tied with many knots will not come undone. This is in complete contrast to the American culture where only two people tie the knot and experience has indeed shown us that it can be undone more easily. The divorce rate in America is much higher than in India. American culture can sometimes appear to be too rebellious and independent, with children growing apart from their parents as they grow older. At other times Indian culture can seem too dependent on other peoples opinions and subject to unnecessary involvement from relatives, near and far. There are positives and negatives in both cultures. However it is important for foreign businessmen visiting India, especially those who are new, to remember that in general, important decisions are not made individually but as a family. This may not be apparent on a daily basis but will surface in critical situations. end Female/male roles (changing or static?) http://www.indianchild.com/culture%20_1.htm Certain families observe a matriarchal concept i.e. the groom resides in the house of the bride or also follows a tradition as per the brides ancestors. Generally India is patriarchal in the sense the children get the surname of the father and the wife changes her surname to follow that of the husbands. It is also a tradition in certain families that the wife changes her maiden name but again this concept is also changing. Indian families are very accommodating and willing to accept change. It is a concept to observe the karva chauth or the raksha bandhan with great aplomb. There is an occasion for gifting and seeking the blessings of elders. It is important to respect and hold certain family traditions which are unique in terms of cooking, rituals and beliefs. Families give a lot of importance to lighting the diya in the evening and also each person in family has a habit of doing the puja in his own way. end Education http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+in0044%29 Education is divided into preprimary, primary, middle (or intermediate), secondary (or high school), and higher levels. Primary school includes children of ages six to eleven, organized into classes one through five. Middle school pupils aged eleven through fourteen are organized into classes six through eight, and high school students ages fourteen through seventeen are enrolled in classes nine through twelve. Higher education includes technical schools, colleges, and universities. end Summarized from (Cheney, Ruzzi, Muralidharan, 2005) Historically, Hindu education was tailored to the needs of Brahmin boys. Together with the colonial rule under British from 1700s until 1947, the education system was geared to preserve the position of the more privileged classes, permitting an avenue of upward mobility only to those with resources. Even today, the vast majority of students with high school education come from high-level castes and middle-to-upper class families in urban area. Due to the historical barrier and previous education focus on tertiary education, more than 1/3 Indian citizens (42% of adults) is illiterate, with 25% males and 46% females, according to 2001 Census (need original data search). Summarized from (Cheney, Ruzzi, Muralidharan, 2005) From: A Profile of the Indian Education system (in education folder) cited in above text as (Cheney, Ruzzi, Muralidharan, 2005) National center on education and the Economy, 2006 India has the second largest education system in the world (after China). Experts estimate that 32% of its current population is under the age of 15. Males in India complete just 2.9 years of schooling on average, females just 1.8 years. The quality of instruction varies widely, depending on the region of the country and whether one is enrolled in a State-supported public school or a fee-based private school. Despite the highly inefficient delivery of public services, high levels of tesacher absenteeism and non-teaching activity, many Indian students remain motivated to succeed on the college entrance exams. The high level of competition for entry into the Indian Institutes of Technology, the Indian Institutes of Management and other top institutions is enough to spur millions of students to achieve at remarkably high levels, particularly in the areas of science and mathematics. Only 10% of the age cohort is actually enrolled in higher education. But in a country with sucha a large population, it amounts to 9 million students, resulting in 2.5 million new college graduates a year. end 1. The role of education in society a. Primary education (quality, levels of development, etc.) Summarized from (Cheney, Ruzzi, Muralidharan, 2005) The Indian school system follows the British structure. Primary school consists of grades 1-5 (ages 6-11) and middle school consists of grades 6-8 (ages 11-14). Primary school and middle school are compulsory. However, researchers estimate that an average of 70% percent of children between the ages of 6 and 14 actually attend school (need to search source, Karthik Mualidharans work). Quality of state-run schools ranges from top-notch to abysmal. Private schools are, on the whole, better, but are charging high fees and are competitive to get admission. Mostly, they are choices of middle and higher class families. A recent phenomenon is the rising of low-cost private schools in both rural and urban India. Facilities and infrastructure are poorer, but they can offer smaller classes and greater teaching activity due to the lower salaries paid to the teachers and more teachers hired. 2 out of 5 first-grade students will not complete the primary cycles of 4 to 5 years (depending on the State) (need source, world bank). Primary Stage (5 years) The curriculum includes: Grade 1 and 2 One language- the mother tongue/the regional language Mathematics Art of Healthy and Productive living Grade 3 to 5 One language the mother tongue/the regional language Mathematics Environmental studies Art of Healthy and productive living Upper Primary/Middle stage (3 years) Grade 6-8 Three languages the mother tongue/the regional language, Hindi and English Mathematics Science and Technology Social Sciences Work Education Art Education (fine arts: visual and performing) Health and Physical education The issue is not a lack of demand, but the quality of supply. The main reason for students to drop out is because their public school experiences are often so poor that students can learn very little. Girls get less chance to be supported in education. It is estimated that for every 100 girls that enroll in school in rural India, only one will make it to grade 12. Parents perceive returns to investment in educations of boys higher than that of girls. The PROBE study revealed that 98% of parents surveyed felt education was necessary for boys, and 89% of them felt it necessary for girls. Secondary education India has more than 100,000 secondary and senior secondary schools serving 30 million students, with the average teacher to student ratio of 1:34. The education in government schools continues to be free for grades 9 and above. But the majority of enrollment is in private schools whose fees vary considerably. Secondary stage grades 9 and 10 (2 years) Curriculum includes: Three languages mother tongue/regional language, Hindi, English (some schools offer as electives other languages such as Sanskrit, Chinese, Japanese, etc.) Mathematics Science and technology Social sciences Work education or pre-vocational education Art education (fine art: visual and performing) Physical and health education -Summarized from (Cheney, Ruzzi, Muralidharan, 2005) b. Secondary education (quality, levels of development, etc.) c. Higher education (quality, levels of development, etc.) 2. Literacy rates Languages: With 15 main languages and hundreds of other languages and dialects, India has more languages than any other country. With 30% primary tongue, Hindi is the national language. English is ubiquitous language, because of the historical colonization by British. Other main languages include Bengali, Gujarati, Paunjabi, Tamil and Telegu and Urdu. In 1980s, about 4 to 5 % of the population were estimated to use English. In 1997, 1/3 of population in India had the ability to carry on a conversation in English. And its estimated that there are 350 million English-speaking Indians in 2005 a8 (need data 2012). Referrence: Essay on the concept of joint family system in India, n.d. Retrieved Sep 19, 2012 from http://www.preservearticles.com/201106027427/essay-on-the-concept-of-joint-family-system-in-india.html Ghosh, A Basu, D. 2008. Evolution of joint family structure in India and the role of legislative inroads. West Bengal. Indian family structure, indian society. n.d. Retrieved Sep 19, 2012 from http://www.indianetzone.com/38/indian_family_structure.htm a8 David Crystal (honorary professor of linguistics at the Unileversity of Wales, Bangor) sub continent raises its voice. Yale global online. Nov 30, 2004. Political system Political structure http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Indianpoliticalsystem.html the Indian political system is a much more recent construct dating from Indias independence from Britain in 1947. The current constitution came into force on 26 November 1950 and advocates the trinity of justice, liberty and equality for all citizens. Indias lower house, the Lok Sabha, is modelled on the British House of Commons, but its federal system of government borrows from the experience of the United States, Canada and Australia. THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH The head of state in India is the President. As members of an electoral college, around 4,500 members of the national parliament and state legislators are eligible to vote in the election of the President. for the first time a woman now occupies the role of Presidency: Pratibha Patil who was formerly governor of the northern Indian state of Rajasthan. Vice-President is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of both houses of parliament. The Vice-President chairs the the upper house called the Rajya Sabh. The head of the government is the Prime Minister who is appointed by the President on the nomination of the majority party in the lower house or Lok Sabha. Currently the Prime Minister is Manmohan Singh of the ruling United Progressive Alliance Ministers are then appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and these ministers collectively comprise the Council of Ministers. pause THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH http://loksabha.nic.in/ Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of the people chosen by direct election on the basis of the adult suffrage. The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution is 552, which is made up by election of upto 530 members to represent the States, upto 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the Honble President, if,   in his/her opinion, that community is not adequately represented in the House. The total elective membership is distributed among the States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States. end end pause Currently the size of the house is 545 made up of 530 elected from the states, 13 elected from the territories, and two nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. By far the largest state representation is that of Uttar Pradesh with 80 members. Each Lok Sabha is formed for a five year term, after which it is automatically dissolved, unless extended by a Proclamation of Emergency which may extend the term in one year increments. The upper house in the Indian political system is the Rajya Sabha or Council of States. pause http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/council_state/council_state.asp Article 80 of the Constitution lays down the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha as 250, out of which 12 members are nominated by the President and 238 are representatives of the States and of the two Union Territories. The present strength of Rajya Sabha, however, is 245, out of which 233 are representatives of the States and Union territories of Delhi and Puducherry and 12 are nominated by the President. The members nominated by the President are persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service. end end pause end Political parties http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Indianpoliticalsystem.html In India, political parties are either a National Party or a State Party. To be considered a National Party, a political party has to be recognised in four or more states and to be either the ruling party or in the opposition in those states. The original Congress Party espoused moderate socialism and a planned, mixed economy. However, its spin-off and successor, Congress (I) I in honour of Indira Gandhi now supports deregulation, privatisation and foreign investment. Over the years, India has evolved from a highly centralised state dominated by one political party to an increasingly fragmented nation, more and more influenced by regional parties and more and more governed locally by unstable multi-party alliances. The Indian Congress Party is the leading party in the Centre-Left political coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) which embraces a total of 16 parties. The other major, but more recently-established, political party in India is the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Created in 1980, it represents itself as a champion of the socio-religious cultural values of the countrys Hindu majority and advocates conservative social policies and strong national defence. The BJP, in alliance with several other parties, led the government between 1998-2004. The Bharatiya Janata Party is the leading party in the Right-wing political coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). When it was originally founded in 1998, there were 13 parties in the coalition but currently there are eight. -end http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+in0147%29 At the beginning of the 1990s, political domination by the Congress (I) branch of the Indian National Congress (see Glossary) came to an end with the partys defeat in the 1989 general elections, and India began a period of intense multiparty political competition. The Congress (I) political leadership had lost the mantle of moral integrity inherited from the Indian National Congresss role in the independence movement, and it was widely viewed as corrupt. The main alternative to the Congress (I), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJPIndian Peoples Party), embarked on a campaign to reorganize the Indian electorate in an effort to create a Hindu nationalist majority coalition. Simultaneously, such parties as the Janata Dal (Peoples Party), the Samajwadi Party (Socialist Party), and the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSPParty of Societys Majority) attempted to ascend to power on the crest of an alliance of interests uniting Dalits (see Glossary), Backward Classes (see Glossary), Scheduled Tribes (see Glossary), and religious minorities. The structure of Indias federalor unionsystem not only creates a strong central government with centralization of power. end 3. Stability of government 4. Special taxes 5. Role of local government D. Legal system 1. Organization of the judiciary system 2. Code, common, socialist, or Islamic-law country? 3. Participation in patents, trademarks, and other conventions 4. Marketing Laws

Analysis of Hume’s Critique of Causation Essay -- Philosophy Philosoph

Analysis of Hume’s Critique of Causation Sometimes it is hard to be sure what conclusion to draw from a Humean analysis, and he is easy to misrepresent. This is partly because one argument he is engaged in may raise a number of related issues that he has dealt with elsewhere, and some of his points seem contradictory. My wish is to consider some of the possible readings of David Hume’s critique of causation, as it appears in Section VII of the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, â€Å"On Necessary Connexion†, and their relation to the propositions of Section II, â€Å"Of the Origin of Ideas†, and Section X, â€Å"On Miracles†. I will offer criticisms and alternatives to Hume’s account(s) and conclude by picking which interpretation of Section VII best works for Hume, given certain arguments elsewhere in the Enquiry. The following is a summary of the aspects of the problem of induction as presented in the Enquiry which concern my discussion. Our assurance that certain sets of conditions are sufficient to produce certain effects is based on past experience that like has been conjoined with like. The belief in necessary connection entails (Hume will conclude that it amounts to) a belief that events similar to those experienced in the past will be accompanied by similar conjuncts. Such a belief may only be arrived at inductively, and induction does not discover necessity.1[1] This argument is against the supposed necessity of connection. â€Å"Necessity† here may refer to logical necessity, or it may not distinguish between this and physical necessity. To be physically necessary is to be sufficiently caused, but contingent upon the conditions of the event and the properties of all objects involved. Physical... ... but one about reason, that it is not this, but habit, which forms the basis of our beliefs. While it may be the case that denying an empirical fact may not result in a contradiction, Hume seems to be suggesting that it would still be irrational to do so. That abstracting from events to laws is a rational, though inductive, act seems hard to deny. Thus, at best, Hume can only show that it is experience which first provides the matter for reason. Sources Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1977) 1[1] David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1977), p.46 2[2] p.51 3[3] p.49 4[4] I think both Descartes and Kant had perfectly good a priori demonstrations of the existence of the self, which is all one needs to reach the concept of existence. 5[5] p.42