Effects Of Cardiac Rehabilitation On The United States Essay

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality in the United States (Hall Lorenc, 2010). Evidence has shown that cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is beneficial for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (McLeod, Brooks, Taylor, Currie, Dewhurst, 2004; Zullo, Dolansky, Jackson, 2010). Cardiac rehabilitation is a versatile program that encroaches upon many disciplines in order to create an optimal medical therapy that seeks to educate patients through counseling to make behavioral changes that will improve their health status. The goal of CR is to reduce the risk of repeat cardiac events, improve cardiovascular health, and reduce all-cause mortality with the use of evidence-based guidelines (Lawler, Filion, Eisenberg, 2011; Lobelo, Stoutenberg, Hutber, 2014). Exercise therapy is a key factor to programming. Effective training protocol that elicits a high rate of compliance will produce positive outcomes. Although moderate intensity continuous training has be en the main training regimen recommended in cardiac rehabilitation guidelines, Ito, Mizoguchi, and Saeki (2016) found high-intensity interval training reported to be more effective in the clinical and experimental setting from the standpoint of peak oxygen uptake and central and peripheral adaptations in their review. This study is essential to the field of exercise science, particularly cardiac rehabilitation (CR), because it adds to the ever-evolving paradigm of program designShow MoreRelatedThe Movement of Cardiac Rehabilitation into Your Home Essay848 Words   |  4 Pagesleading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. It has been customary to offer individuals center-based rehabilitation programs after a cardiac event to assist and prevent further cardiac deterioration. However, home-based cardiac rehabilitation has been presented in an effort to increase access and participation. Purpose. To determine the efficacy of home-based cardiac rehabilitation (HBCR) compared with center-based cardiac rehabilitation (CBCR). Methods. A literature search wasRead MoreInformation And Identify Preliminary Issues Of Cardiac Rehabilitation Program1238 Words   |  5 PagesStep 1: Gather Information and Identify Preliminary Issues Cardiac rehabilitation is a program that aid patients to recover after a cardiac event. The program started in the 1960s after it was determined that the exercise and right diet has a significant effect on the heart after a cardiac event (Certo, 1985). Its sole purpose is help the patients to lower the risk factors of heart problems in the the future. The program is composed of various health workers -- such as physicians, clinical psychologistRead MoreThe Agent For Heart Failure1524 Words   |  7 PagesR. Ronquillo III Utica College â€Æ' Introduction According to Metra et al. (2011, p. 516), heart failure is one of the leading causes of illness and death in the cardiac disease spectrum; it renders the heart to become an inefficient pump; as a result, the patient’s develops low blood pressure, reduction in cardiac output and decreased perfusion of blood in vital organs. The culmination of these symptoms represents a very sick client who is unable to demonstrate meaningful improvementsRead Moreexecutive summary Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesyear 2020 worldwide (Heart, 2013). Notably heart disease is a significant health problem that not only costs lives but is a significant economic burden with costs related to doctors’ visits, medications, rehabilitation and additional contributors such as loss of work and patient rehabilitations. It is estimated at approximately 485 billion dollars annually can be associated to the treatment of heart related issues such as heart attack and CHF, early diagnosis is imperative (Heart,2013). The intentionRead MoreThe Death Of Heart Failure1069 Words   |  5 PagesBased on Goodman and Fuller (2015), it was estimated that the annual population in the United States with (CHF) congestive heart failure is about five hundred fifty thousand, and approximately five million male and female elderly individual (65 years old and above) is the leading cause of hospital admission. Moreover, heart failure has a significant twenty percent of an estimated death rate and fifteen percent survival rate of patients diagnosed with CHF (Bocchi, Vilas-Boas, Perrone, Caamaà ±oRead MoreCardiovascular Disease ( Cvd )1682 Words   |  7 PagesAdults with Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD), also known as heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. According to the Center for Disease Control, over 600,000 people in the United States die a year from CVD which accumulates to one in four deaths each year (CDC, 2014). Despite the significant number of deaths, progress has been made over the past 50 years to define, identify, and modify risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CDC, 2014). These risk factorsRead MoreCardiac Rehabilitation : A Multi Disciplinary And Multi Faceted Intervention1861 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION: Cardiac rehab is an individualized program consisting of education, exercise, nutrition and support. In recent years, cardiac rehabilitation has become a multi-disciplinary and multi-faceted intervention aimed at restoring well-being and impeding disease progression in patients with heart disease (Garza, Wason and Zhang, 2015). High-quality evidence has demonstrated that cardiac rehabilitation (CR) improves outcomes after cardiac surgery or myocardial infarction, improving adherenceRead MoreCoronary Artery Disease ( Cad )1468 Words   |  6 Pagesline the inner arteries, it restricts blood flow to the heart. When blood is can no longer long flow to the heart, it causes a heart attack. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in both women and men in the United States. The American Heart Association states that since 1990 deaths caused by the coronary artery disease have decreased, however, â€Å"more than 40,000 people still died from this disease in 2000† and ab out 13 million more have active symptoms of CAD (Milto, Olde, P.1). Read MoreKnowledge Skills Abilities1362 Words   |  6 PagesSPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE   I am highly experienced with product safety presentation, trial, evaluation, review and distribution in the healthcare industry. As a medical device and capital equipment sales manager, I successfully managed three states within the United States of over 50 hospitals. REVELANT SKILLS  AND ABILITIES CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY TESTER AND PERFORMANCE REVIEW BOARD MEMBER I have lead in-depth comprehensive intake assessments and evalutions that included presenting and reviewingRead MoreDifference in Competencies Between Adn vs Bsn Essay988 Words   |  4 Pagesis a â€Å"technical† nurse and BSN is a â€Å"professional† nurse. This difference is because ADN is trained mostly on clinical skills, while BSN training is focused on leadership, nursing research, management as well as clinical skills. Currently in United States Associated degree nurses usually receive this in 2 years on a community college settings. The Associate degree programs are designed to train students to provide entry level care in hospital settings. A large present of nurses take the associate

Who Is The American Dream - 1490 Words

Americans because they often think of The American Dream as a way or path to greater times. The American Dream gives hope for Americans because it gives them freedom, hope and it also encourages us to achieve goals that will make our life a lot easier in the future for future generations and ourselves. A real life situation of the American dream, for example is like other people from other countries coming to America to find jobs to support their families, build new ones or simply have a better life. So why does it seem like the image of the â€Å"American Dream† is dying out? The American Dream is simply being lost in this society because it has become a lot harder for people to obtain jobs that can financially support their families. What is the American Dream? This so called American Dream is an idea for people all over the world to believe that if they come to America they will have the opportunity to live a successful and free life. The opportunity to live a successful an d free life is the absolute most important thing in this world, women come to America from India, Indonesia, Pakistan or Bangladesh to be free from the religion that they are made to believe in or from the men that control their lives and make them wear hijabs to cover their heads. â€Å"The term â€Å"American Dream† is used in many ways, but it essentially is an idea that suggests that anyone in the US can succeed through hard work and has the potential to lead a happy, successful life.† This clearly statesShow MoreRelatedWho Is The American Dream?1650 Words   |  7 Pageslife to be the American dream. I must have inherited that dream for my mother; she came to the United States from Mexico when she was merely 15 years old. She came to pursue the same dream; she wanted to have the opportunity to achieve wealth and success. Growing up in a traditional Hispanic household is something I will always cherish, but a characteristic of Hispanic culture is the mindset that women were made to be housewives and mothers. This trait blended in with my American dream, I thought asRead MoreWho Is The American Dream? Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans because they often think of The American Dream as a way or path to greater times. The American Dream gives hope for Americans because it gives them freedom, hope and it also encourages us to achieve goals that will make our life a lot easier in the future for future generations and ourselves. A real life situation of the American dream, for example is like other people from other countries coming to America to find jobs to support their families, build new ones or simply have a better lifeRead MoreWho Is The American Dream?1326 Words   |  6 Pagesachieve success and certainly no way to achieve the American Dream. 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That a few individuals have prospered at the expense of the many is extremely unethical and unjust. I appreciate his critique of the current system, and historical perspective regarding how democracy has been systematically andRead MoreWho Has Access to the American Dream1152 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Essay: Who has access to the American Dream The American Dream originated in the early days of the American settlement, with mostly poor immigrants searching for opportunities. It was first manifested in the Declaration of Independence, which describes an attitude of hope. The Declaration of Independence states: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, LibertyRead MoreEdward Franklin Albee IIi : The American Dream, And The Goat, Or Who Is Sylvia?1313 Words   |  6 PagesENG3U0 Research Essay Edward Franklin Albee III is an American playwright mostly known for his works such as Who s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, The Zoo Story, The American Dream, and The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? Albee is perceived to be a leader in the creation of the American absurdist drama theatrical movement. Specifically, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Opened on Broadway the same month the world was facing heated nuclear tensions between Soviet and U.S. powers during the Cuban Missile CrisisRead MoreAn avowed nationalist, who had impact on the American dream, Theodore Roosevelt brought presidency1200 Words   |  5 Pages An avowed nationalist, who had impact on the American dream, Theodore Roosevelt brought presidency and nation into the twentieth century. (Theodore) Theodore Roosevelt was the twenty sixth president of the United States, a president that had great impact in politics. He was born into a rich family, and he suffered from asthma during his childhood (United States. National Pa rk service). He studied at Harvard University, and the Columbia law school (United States. National Park service 2). He attendedRead MoreThe American Dream By James Truslow1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe American dream is a term often used as motivation for people who are seeking a better life outside of their torrid country. According to James Truslow, who coined the term American Dream, the definition is, â€Å"a dream of a social order in which each man and woman shall be able to attain to their fullest stature of which they are innately capable.† (68) The American Dream is sought out by many, but they are often denied the privilege of prevailing in a predominantly successful society run by the

Pre-Transfusion Blood Tests Free Essays

Pre-transfusion Blood Tests: Title: To perform the following tests: ABO and RH grouping using the Diamed Gel Card system. Rh and Kell phenotyping (antigen typing) using the Diamed Gel Card system. Direct Coombs Test (DCT) using the conventional tube system. We will write a custom essay sample on Pre-Transfusion Blood Tests or any similar topic only for you Order Now Direct Coombs Test (DCT) using the Diamed Gel Card system. Antibody Identifications (IAT) technique using the conventional tube system. Antibody Identifications (ETC) technique using the Diamed Gel Card system. Name: S. Ward Date: 8/11/2012 Introduction: The objective of this practical is to perform some pretransfusion tests, using various methods. Pretransfusion testing is carried out in all hospital blood bank laboratories and is used to minimise the risk of encurring a haemolytic transfusion reaction. Haemolytic transfusion reactions occur when a patient is transfused with red cells which have a foriegn antigen on the cell surface that the patient has an antibody to. While the ABO and Rh blood group systems are the most antigenic and thus can cause severe haemolytic transfusion reactions. The other blood group systems can also cause a (less severe) haemolytic reaction, these reactions can be fatal and so the procedures to avoid them are of great importance. Materials Method: Not all tests were performed by all members of the class. ABO and Rh blood grouping using the Diamed Gel Card system; performed. Rh and Kell trying using the Diamed Gel Card system; not performed. Direct Coombs Test (DCT) using the Diamed Gel Card system;not performed. Antibody Identification (ETC) technique using the Diamed Gel Card system; performed but not centrifuged so no results were obtained. Antibody Identifications (IAT) technique using the conventional tube system; performed Direct Coombs Test (DCT) using the conventional tube system; erformed. Cell 1% suspensions were prepared for the bench from a 3% cell suspension provided. Results: As well as some tests not being completed by everyone, some results were not obtained as there was a queue for the ID centrifuge. Results below are ones obtained by myself; ABO Rh grouping; Known O+ cells were tested. Expected results would be; However, the gel matrix had dried out so no results were obtained. Antibody Ide ntifications (IAT) technique using the conventional tube system; + + + – – + – – + + When these results are compared with the ID panned profile, its is seen that there is no antigen which matches the antibody in the patient’s plasma. Traditional Direct Coombs test results was positive. Discussion: The results from this practical were not as expected. With regard to the ABO Rh typing, the expected result for the O+ blood tested is as shown above. The reason why the results obtained were incorrect were because the gel had dried out. This shows that it is very important to ensure that the reagents used in the transfusion laboratory are of a really high quality to ensure that all results obtained are reliable. With regard to the traditional antibody profile, it is seen that there is no antigen which matches the antibody in the patient’s plasma according to the ID panel. It is possible that the patient has an uncommon antigen which isn’t on the ID panel. However, it’s more likely that there was human error in labelling the reaction tubes 1-10. The direct coombs test checks to see in vivo sensitisation to IgG antibodies. The traditional coombs test results for this practical showed aggultenation when treated with antihuman globulin, which is a positive result. Results for the other laboratory tests using Diamed Gel Card system were unobtained due to there being a queue for the centrifuge. A brief explanation of all these tests is explained below; ABO Rh D grouping; this can be done by conventional tube technique, as performed previously, or can be done using the Diamed Gel Card system. These gel cards contain known antobodies on a gel matrix. A positive result shows the red cells kept at the top of the gel matrix, a negative result sees the red cells going down through the matrix to the bottom of the card. This has replaced the traditional method as it allows for automation. Rh Kell phenotyping; this is done using the Diamed Gel Card sytem and is similiar to the ABO and Rh typing method. This shows which, if any of the main Rh or Kell antigens are on the patients red cells. The results are read in the same manner as the ABO and Rh D as described above. Direct Coombs Test using the conventional tube system; The direct antiglobulin test is used to detect in-vivo sensitisation and detects small IgG antibodies on a patient’s red cells. The conventional tube method involves washing the cells three times for one minute, resuspending each time, then finally adding two drops of antihuman globulin and centrifuge once more for 20 seconds and results were recorded. This process is laborious and so can be replaced with the next method. Direct Coombs Test using the Diamed Gel Card system; The gel card system involves the addition of 1% cell suspension of test cells to the Anti IgG card, this is centrifuged for 10 minutes and results are recorded. This method also shows in-vivo sensitisation and detects small IgG antibodies on the patient’s red cells. Antibody Identifications (IAT) technique using the conventional tube system; Antibody identification is used as a follow-up test to a positive indirect antiglobulin test. The antibody identifcation test is used to determine the red cell antibodies in the patient’s plasma. If one or more clinically significant red cell antibodies are identified, then donor blood that lacks the corresponding red cell antigens must be used for tranfusion, this is reffered to as antigen negative blood. The conventional tube system involves reacting the patients plasma with the 10 commercial identification cells. This is incubated for 30 minutes at 37Â °c, each of the reaction tubes are washed 3 times for one minute, resuspended after each time and then two drops of antihuman globulin are added and the tubes are centrifuged for an additional 20 seconds and results are recorded. This process is laborious, and so can be replaced by the gel card system which can be automated. Antibody Identifications technique using the Diamed Gel Card system; The method is the similiar to the other gel card systems and the principle it the same as the other antibody identification. As mentioned bofore, this process allows for automation and so is favoured in large labs. Questions: Principle of the Direct and Indirect Coombs test: The principle of the Coombs’ test is that addition of rabbit anti-human IgG to the patient’s blood will result in aggregation of the patient’s red cells if the red cells are coated in small IgG antibodies that will not agglutenate normally at room temperature. So, the direct antiglobulin test is used to detect in-vivo sensitisation to IgG antibodies. Applications: The direct coombs test is udes to test for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. The indirect coombs test can be used to detect very small amounts of antibodies present in a patients plasma and if used in antenatal care to screen pregnant women for antibodies that may cause haemolytic disease of the newborn. It can also be used for compatability testing, antibody identification, RBC phenotyping and titration studies. Controls: The positive control is sensitised O+ cells and the negative control is O- cells. How to cite Pre-Transfusion Blood Tests, Essay examples

Irac of Negligence free essay sample

Introduction: In Rebecca ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant case, the main issue is whether negligence exists of the defendant? There are three prerequisites must be present before the tort of negligence can arise: a duty of care must be owed by one person to another; there must be a breach of that duty of care; and damage must have been suffered as a result of the breach of duty. (FoBL, 2005, p70) In addition, another element must be satisfied to prove negligence is the causation. This essay will analysis Rebecca v. ‘Zorba’s’ with these four issues. IRAC Process No. 1Does ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant own a duty of care to Rebecca Disasteropoulos? There are two common factors that must exist before the law says a duty of care exists, which are foreseeability and proximity. Firstly, in discussing the incidence of a duty of care, a historical case that defines the ‘neighbour principle’ must be taken into account – the case of Donoghue v. We will write a custom essay sample on Irac of Negligence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stevenson[1]. The decision of this case developed a principle which has become known as the ‘neighbor principle’ by Lord Atkin that the neighbor means the closely and directly person by another’s act. FoBL, 2005, p68) Secondly, it must be foreseeable that the omission of the defendant could cause harm to the plaintiff. An objective test is used through the question, whether a reasonable person would foresee the damage occurring from the defendant. According to the case of Hay or Bourhill v. Young[2], it is not necessary to foresee the actual damage that will occur. It is enough if it can be shown that some types of damage could arise as a result of the defendant’s conduct. (FoBL, 2005, p68) In addition, proximity that requires care to be taken must exist.Proximity involves the notion of nearness or closeness and embrace physical proximity between the person or property of the plaintiff and the person and property of the defendant†¦causal proximity in the sense of closeness or directness of the relationship between the particular act or cause and the injury sustained† (Deana J. Jaensch v. Coffey)[3]. According to the case of Donoghue v. Stevenson[4], even there is no contractual relationship between these two parties, a duty of care still exists.Thus it can be seen that the duty of care will be owed because the action of the restaurant that they did not remove all the liquid from the floor has already affected the harm to their customers, and the relationship between Rebecca and the restaurant is the suppliers of services and customers. ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant will be liable to compensate Rebecca if the duty of care is breached. IRAC Process No. 2 Is the duty of care breached by the defendant, ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant? The second element required to prove negligence is that a duty of care has been breached.There are four factors must be taken in to account to determine whether there has been a breach, which are likelihood of injury, gravity of injury, if injury did occur, amount of effort required to remove the risk of injury and social utility of the defendant’s conduct. (Fo BL, 2005, p75) In the first place, the likelihood of injury is the degree of the risk of damage. According to the case of Bolton v. Stone[5], it was a slight possibility of harm, so the court held that the defendant was not liable for damages. This decision was explained by Lord Red of the Privy Council. FoBL, 2005, p75) However, some cases may not be ignored, like the case of Rebecca v. ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant. Secondly, the gravity of injury must be relevant. ‘If the activity in which the plaintiff is engaged is particularly dangerous, this requires warning. ’ (FoBL, 2005, p75) According to the case of Waverley Municipal Council v. Swain[6], the defendant failed to warn the plaintiff that his activity has an occurred risk, which led the plaintiff to become a quadriplegic. And the court decided that was a negligent.In addition, the third element is the amount of effort that would be required to eliminate the risk. ‘If it is relatively easy to remove the risk and would cause little expense and inconvenience, then this may be required a breach of a duty of care. ’ (FoBL, 2005, p76), the case of Woods v. Multi-Sport Holdings Pty Ltd[7] could prove this element. The last factor is the social utility of the defendant’s conduct, which means the benefit of conduct must be assessed against the gravity of the risk of injury; the case of Watt v. Herfordshire[8] case set an example to this factor.In this case, there is no relevance to this factor. As a result, the supplier of ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant did not conduct the sufficient action to remove the potential risk to the customers, and the restaurant did not put any warning like notice board to admonish their customer, it is most likely that the restaurant had been breached of the duty of care. IRAC Process No. 3 Does the defendant’s breach of duty cause the loss sustained by the plaintiff? The third element that must be satisfied to prove negligence is the causation of the damage.To determine the issue of causation, the law has created a test called ‘but for’ by Lord Denning in the case of Cork v. Kirby Maclean Ltd[9], ‘If you can say that the damage would not have happened but for a particular fault, then that fault is in fact a cause of the damage; but if you can say that the damage would have happened just the same, fault or no fault, then the fault is no a cause of the damage. ’ (FoBL, 2005, p78) In this case, the injury of Rebecca was caused by the lack of care of the restaurant.The waiter did not remove all the liquid off from the dance floor, this action lead to Rebecca’s damage. So the negligence of the defendant is the causation for the breach of duty of care. IRAC Process No. 4 Is there any defenses can be rise? There are two defences to an action in negligence: contributory negligence and voluntary assumption of risk. (FoBL, 2005, p83) This case only involves contributory negligence. According to section 26 of the Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic. ), the result of a successful plea of contributory negligence will be an apportionment of damages.So, if a defendant is a negligent without any contributory negligence by the plaintiff, the plaintiff will receive 100 per cent of the damage, but if the plaintiff is held to be contributory negligent to the extent of 40 per cent, then the plaintiff will only receive 60 per cent of the damage. (FoBL, 2005, p84) For instance, the case of Liftronic Pty Ltd v. Unver[10], the defendant (Liftronic Pty Ltd) was found liable in negligence but Unver’s damages were reduced by 60 per cent due to his contributory negligence. In this case, Rebecca had seen the waiter wiping the floor, and assumed that all of the moisture had been cleared away.Then she did not ask the waiter about the damp floor, continue to dance vigorously. Therefore, the defendant could apportion part of damages by contributory negligence. Conclusion: To sum up, based on the law of negligence, the issues and precedents, Rebecca could win this case by legal process. Because the defendant ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant owns a duty of care to Rebecca, the restaurant has breached that duty of care; and Rebecca suffered damages as a result of ‘Zorba’s’ Restaurant’s breach of her duty of care. However, the plaintiff – Rebecca Disasteropoulos also held partly to blame her negligence.